Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical correspondence innovation that utilizations light proliferating in free space to remotely transmit information for media communications or PC organizing. "Free space" implies air, space and vacuum. FSO is a correspondence framework where free space goes about as medium amongst handsets and they ought to be in LOS (line of sight) for fruitful transmission of optical flag. Medium can be air, space, or vacuum. This framework can be utilized for correspondence reason in hours and in lesser economy. - In recent period of communication there is a necessity of systems with high capacity and bandwidth. This is achieved by the non-fiber optics based system recognized as free space optical communication system. These systems that are reliant upon optics in free space, does not require any license for its operation. Free space optical (FSO) wireless communication has emerged as a viable technology for bridging the gap in existing high date rate fiber network and as a temporary backbone for rapidly deployable mobile wireless communication infrastructure. Free space optical communication offers the potential to send large amount of data security over moderate distances without the expense of laying fiber optic cable.

The technology is helpful where the physical connection of the transmitter and receiver locations is difficult. These robust systems which establish communication links by transmitting laser beams directly through the atmosphere, have matured to the point that mass produced models are now available. FSO system offers many features among them being the low-start up and operational cost, rapid development and high fiber-like bandwidth. In this paper first part introduces the FSO system, its advantages, and disadvantages its applications. Second part informs about the challenges which a FSO system faces while working. The challenges faced by FSO system is atmospheric attenuation. The atmospheric attenuation is caused by the fog, smog, rain, smoke, bird flap etc.

Distribution network is one of the main part of power systems as it is connected directly to the load center. The concept of integrating renewable and distributed energy sources in distributed level is a great concern for the power system engineer nowadays. Further research by power companies and engineers is ongoing to apply better techniques to improve power quality and stability of power system in distribution network. This paper presents a review of fundamental distributed network architecture including radial, ring and meshed distributed network looking at the concept of distributed network architecture, types, operation, controlling, management, growth model, advantages and disadvantages of existing distributed networks.

with the appearance of the reforms of the third era, people’s lives have undergone tremendous changes, and {also the} power development has also accelerated. The sensible facility is wide used, and supported its specific options, it's developed a cloud computing technology with additional convenient, quick calculation strategies and storage modes. This paper proposes specific cloud computing solutions to supply effective technical support for storage and computing of sensible power grids. At a similar time, we have a tendency to style a theme for sensible facility cloud computing, and explains the varied edges with the cloud computing, and therefore the existing security problems and preventive measures are mentioned.  

Optical fiber is one of the most important communications media in communication system. Due to its versatile advantages and negligible transmission loss it is used in high speed data transmission. In order to maintain high value of optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) for having a signal of good quality it is important to compensate dispersion in optical finer communication system. With Dispersion optical fiber’s performance degrades. Research was carried on how dispersion can be compensated. Dispersion compensation in fiber optical communication system has become a topic of great importance and research these days because any presence of dispersion might lead to pulse spreading which might cause inter symbolic interference (ISI) which leads to signal degradation. In this manuscript, various types of dispersions are discussed in a brief way. Also different methods of dispersion compensation like-Dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), Electronic Equalizer, Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and digital filters are discussed in detail.

Concrete is the most important construction material. It is used in all type of construction works like infrastructure-, low- and high-rise building and domestic developments. It is man-made product. It is mixture of cement, aggregate, water and admixture. Sand, crushed stone, gravel are aggregates. Mainly aggregates are available natural resources. Taking of aggregates from natural resources affect the environment. In the modern world we use many alternatives of aggregates like waste material and industry products such as fly ash, bottom ash, recycled aggregates, foundry sand, and glass. Apart from above few studies identified that the coconut shell can also be used as aggregate in concrete. Coconut is grown in 86 countries. India has a good position in world for production of coconut.

In colleges and universities, mostly the exam cell activities can be completed on paper. Using automation system in this field will help in making all the exam cell activities more efficient and easy by overcoming major disadvantages of manual system like faster speed, accuracy and simplicity. Automation in this system will bring more convenience for both staff members and students. Centralization in this system will confirm that the work related to this examination will be managed properly and effectively by making it easier in short time. The computerized system will completely replace offline and manual system. This system will gain more popularity as large and unmanageable data on paper collected from various department of college and its analysis for making result convert it into very tedious task. The centralized system in this cell is midway resolution for both staff and students which makes their work very easy. This system makes the exam cell activities in much organized way. The system obviously requires some pre-existing data, which generates dependency on other system but it reduces paper work, decrease confusion, increase ease of accountability and work efficiency. The research will firstly show access of various users like admin, exam cell staff, students and faculty members. Then customization of the system will depend on the requirement of the college and lastly automated result analysis and ancillary services.

The fibre system are the important part of modern days communication network. The high rate given by fibre optics can truly be used by employment of WDM techniques. The WDM system is able to cater all value added services (VAS). WDM system long widely accepted in large distant lines suffers from problem such as dispersion and attenuation which results low performance. Dispersion compensation and optical power improvement are necessary parameter in WDM. In the previous work a single FBG is used for compensate the dispersion in single channel and 16 cascaded FBG for 16 channel optical system. In my work EDFA system used to improve power and reduce dispersion and regain higher SNR as compared to single EDFA of some source power. It is also imperative that by placement of stager of EDFA pre and post FBG give instruction for an order to magnitude improvement is SNR and receive excellent dispersion compensation in WDM system.

Software engineering is dynamic trains that have persistent development in research in distinguishing new strategies, devices and approaches that have cause huge enhancement in programming advancement and support to be progressively dependable and proficient. Past research faultfinders on cost decrease, quality and adaptability have interminable attempt to plan and create numerous approaches to enhance these divisions are as yet making effects the product business. [1]The new patterns in software engineering exploration themes settle under the examination field of Cloud Computing, Big Data, Android Computing, Network Security and Software Engineering Project Management. Nevertheless, there are progressively other research territories in programming building that have been serious explored and executed in the ventures.

As worlds resources are diminishing, govt. agencies and nongovernment organization are pushing greener solution through the use of renewable energy’s sources, as electric power must become less dependent on fossils fuel and transportation must become more electric to decrease carbon emission and mitigate climate change. Hence in order to reduce the pollution through the motor vehicles, electric vehicles are being invented and in order to run the electric vehicle the fuel required is the electricity which can be storable through the use of solar energy and run these electric vehicles through the Electric vehicle smart charging station which is the promising alternative and environmentally sustainable solution to meet up the energy crisis. As worlds resources are diminishing, govt. agencies and nongovernment organization are pushing greener solution through the use of renewable energy sources, as electric power must become less dependent on fossils fuel and transportation must become more electric to decrease carbon emission and mitigate climate change. Hence in order to reduce the pollution through the motor vehicles, electric vehicles are being invented and in order to run the electric vehicle the fuel required is the electricity which can be storable through the use of solar energy and run these electric vehicles through the electric vehicle smart charging station which is the promising alternative and environmentally sustainable solution to meet up to the energy crisis.

The futuristic advances in power transmission through microwaves. Sun is a limitless source of energy. A space power satellite (sps) orbiting round the earth traps solar energy & generates electric power using photovoltaic cells of sizable area. Sps transmits the generated power via a microwave beam to the receiving rectenna site on earth. A rectenna (rectifying antenna) comprises of a mesh of dipoles & diodes for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter & converts it into electric power. We are aware of the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave. Light rays never diffuse in space & if by any means these rays can be transmitted from space to earth then it will be a perfect solution for our desired need of 24 hrs power supplies. The approaches for establishing human race in space can come true only if the basic requirement of human beings is satisfied i.e. 24HRS power, which can be efficiently served by rectenna. A wireless power transmission using microwave is a system which contains satellite based solar power system (SPS). The use of solar cells in space achieves 24 hour sunlight & are unaffected by atmosphere & clouds. My concept is a comprehensive study of various components of satellite based SPS & projects this technology as a bulk source of power generation in future.